RIKEN Center for Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences

New Mechanism for Sustaining Reputation-Based Cooperation Revealed

An international research team including iTHEMS Team Director Yohsuke Murase has theoretically uncovered a new mechanism that enables the evolution of reputation-based cooperation. In human societies, “indirect reciprocity,” in which people decide whether to cooperate with others based on their reputations, is considered an important mechanism for sustaining cooperation. However, previous studies have shown that maintaining cooperation becomes difficult when individuals hold different assessments of the same person. In this study, the researchers introduced a mechanism called “dual reputation updating,” in which reputations are updated based not only on whether a person cooperates with others, but also on whether that person receives cooperation from others. Through mathematical analysis and computer simulations, they demonstrated that this simple extension reduces disagreements in reputation and substantially enhances the maintenance of cooperation. These findings are expected to deepen our understanding of how cooperation emerges and is sustained through reputation, while also providing new insights into collective behaviors in real-world societies, including conformity, cooperation, and exclusion. The findings are scheduled to be published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) on August 28, 2026.

2026-08-25

Farewell message from Sungsik Kong

Our colleague, Sungsik Kong, will be joining Sejong University in South Korea as a tenure-track Assistant Professor in September 2026. We will all miss him and wish him every success in this exciting new chapter. Here is a message from Sungsik: <i>I joined iTHEMS in August 2025, and over the past year I have had the privilege of working in an exceptional research environment. Starting in September 2026, I will be joining Sejong University in South Korea as a tenure-track Assistant Professor. While I am excited about this move, I am also sad to be leaving my position as a Research Scientist at iTHEMS.</i> <i>My time at RIKEN has been both challenging and incredibly rewarding. I am deeply grateful to RIKEN and iTHEMS for giving me the opportunity to pursue the scientific questions I am passionate about. I will miss iTHEMS' collaborative atmosphere. I have had the chance to learn from researchers across many different fields, many that I would never have had the opportunity to explore otherwise. Those seminars, colloquiums, and conversations have broadened my perspective, sparked new ideas, and made my time here truly valuable and memorable.</i> <i>If you ever visit Seoul, please don't hesitate to get in touch. Thank you all so much. It has been a real pleasure.</i>

2026-08-17

Using chaos and symmetry to bootstrap quantum gravitational wormholes

An international research collaboration between Gabriele Di Ubaldo (RIKEN-Berkeley Center at UC Berkeley and RIKEN iTHEMS), Jan Boruch (University of California, Berkeley, US), Felix M. Haehl (University of Southampton, UK), Eric Perlmutter (Université Paris-Saclay and Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France), and Moshe Rozali (University of British Columbia, Canada) published the new study in <em>Physical Review Letters</em>. Random matrix theory provides a universal description of chaos in quantum systems, capturing statistical patterns among energy levels without requiring knowledge of microscopic details. The new challenge addressed is its extension to 2D Conformal Field Theories and their holographically dual 3D quantum gravity via the AdS₃/CFT₂ correspondence. In the AdS₃/CFT₂ correspondence, quantum gravity in a three-dimensional negatively curved spacetime is encoded in a two-dimensional conformal field theory on its boundary. The key difference is <strong>modular invariance</strong>, a symmetry stating that a theory on a 2D torus is invariant under modular transformations, which imposes stringent constraints and a rigid mathematical structure, seemingly incompatible with quantum chaos and random matrix theory. Building on the 2023 work of Di Ubaldo and Perlmutter, “AdS₃/RMT₂ duality”, the researchers developed a general, nonperturbative framework called RMT₂ that uplifts the correlations of any random matrix model into fully modular-invariant quantities. The team then used RMT₂ to predict quantum amplitudes for 3D wormholes with multiple torus-shaped boundaries. A wormhole is a tunnel-like geometric connection between otherwise separate regions or boundaries of spacetime. While it is not a shortcut for interstellar travel as in sci-fi movies, it encodes deeply quantum information about gravity and black holes. For the three-boundary wormhole, the team also performed a gravity calculation that agrees with the RMT₂ prediction. By turning the earlier AdS₃/RMT₂ proposal into a general framework, the study advances a research direction that Gabriele helped pioneer and provides a new tool for probing black-hole microstates and, in the near future, solving AdS₃ quantum gravity. For further details, please see the article in <em>Physical Review Letters</em>.

2026-08-07

Riccardo Muolo Awarded Third Place at Falling Walls Lab Tokyo 2026

Riccardo Muolo awarded 3rd Place at Falling Walls Lab Tokyo, Japan Riccardo Muolo (Special Postdoctoral Researcher, Division of Fundamental Mathematical Science, iTHEMS) took part in the Falling Walls Lab Tokyo, Japan, held on 28 July 2026 at Shibuya Sakura Stage, and was awarded 3rd Place by the jury. The Falling Walls Lab is an international pitch and science-communication competition hosted by the Falling Walls Foundation, a Berlin-based non-profit founded in 2009 on the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Foundation channels the spirit of that night to ask a recurring question — which are the next walls to fall in science and society — and works to make breakthrough ideas accessible across borders and disciplines. Open to students and early-career professionals of all disciplines and nationalities, the Lab invites participants to pitch their research, business model, or innovative idea in just three minutes, in front of their peers and a jury from academia and business. Academic institutions around the world are invited to host their own Falling Walls Lab and send their winners to the Falling Walls Lab Finale in Berlin, where the Finalists compete for the title of Breakthrough Winner in the Emerging Talents category and the chance to pitch again on the main stage of the Falling Walls Science Summit. This year’s Tokyo edition was organized by EURAXESS Japan, the German Centre for Research and Innovation (DWIH) Tokyo, and Tobitate! Japan. Riccardo’s research covers nonlinear dynamics on networks and higher-order structures, synchronization, Turing pattern formation, and the control of dynamical systems — exactly the kind of cross-disciplinary work the Falling Walls Lab is designed to showcase. Distilling it into a compelling three-minute pitch and earning recognition among a strong international field of participants is a fine achievement. Congratulations, Riccardo!

2026-08-07

Discovery of Anomalous Fluctuations and Universality in Atom Detection Counts

Kazuki Yamamoto, Lecturer at the Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, and Ryusuke Hamazaki, RIKEN Hakubi Research Team Leader at the RIKEN Pioneering Research Institute and Senior Research Scientist at the RIKEN Center for Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS), have theoretically demonstrated that the fluctuations in the number of detected atoms in a continuously measured quantum many-body system consisting of a large number of atoms change dramatically depending on the measurement strength. They found that when the measurement is weak, the number of detected atoms exhibits standard fluctuations, whereas when the measurement is strong, unusually large anomalous fluctuations emerge. For more details, please visit the Osaka Metropolitan University website.

2026-08-06

2026 iTHEMS Visit by the National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan

On June 25, a group of 3 professors and 13 students from National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, visited RIKEN . The purpose of the visit was to immerse the students in RIKEN’s multidisciplinary research environment and introduce them to stateoftheart scientific methodologies. It also aimed to inspire their future research careers while exploring opportunities for academic exchange and longterm collaboration between both institutions. First, the group visited RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, hosted by Dr Claudio Santonastaso & Dr Seiya Sakai. Next visit was RIKEN Center for Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS), hosted by Dr. Gen Kurosawa. Last visit was RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, hosted by Dr. Franco Nori. Gen Kurosawa, Senior Research Scientist, introduced iTHEMS’s interdisciplinary research environment and explained how mathematical methods from physics can be applied to important questions in biological clocks, leading to testable predictions that are verified experimentally.

2026-07-29

Farewell message from Puttarak Jai-akson

Our colleague, Puttarak Jai-akson, will be joining the Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, as a Program-Specific Researcher, starting in August 2026. We will all miss him and wish him every success in this exciting new chapter. Here is a message from Puttarak: <i>I would like to share that I will be leaving my position as a Postdoctoral Researcher at iTHEMS.</i> <i>I joined iTHEMS in November 2022, and after nearly four wonderful years, I will be moving to a new position as a Researcher at Kyoto University, starting in August 2026.</i> <i>During my time at iTHEMS, I greatly enjoyed the open, friendly, and interdisciplinary research environment. The opportunity to interact with researchers from diverse fields has broadened my perspective, inspired many new ideas, and significantly enriched my research. I am deeply grateful to all the members of iTHEMS for their support, encouragement, and the many enjoyable discussions we have shared. I would also like to express my heartfelt thanks to our wonderful iTHEMS Assistants, whose kindness, professionalism, and constant support made my time at iTHEMS all the more enjoyable.</i> <i>Although I am leaving my full-time position, I am pleased to continue my affiliation with iTHEMS as a Visiting Scientist. I sincerely hope to continue our discussions and collaborations in the future.</i> <i>If you happen to visit Kyoto University, please don't hesitate to let me know. I would be very happy to catch up and continue our conversations.</i> <i>Thank you all very much for everything. It has been a privilege to be part of iTHEMS, and I wish everyone continued success.</i>

2026-07-24

2026 iTHEMS Visit by the University of California San Diego Global Seminar Program

On July 8, Dr. Stanley Lo, Teaching Professor in the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the School of Biological Sciences, UCSD, visited iTHEMS together with 24 undergraduate students. The purpose of the visit was to learn about iTHEMS and its research activities while supporting the students’ learning about human diversity and the relationship between science and society. Thomas Hitchcock, Research Scientist at iTHEMS, hosted the lecture. He introduced his academic and professional background and presented his current research on evolution, ecology, and genetics.

2026-07-16

Tracing the Origin of the “Freely Chosen Numbers” Appearing in the Laws of Nature

An international research team including Yuya Kusuki, Visiting Scientist at iTHEMS (Associate Professor, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University), analyzed a situation in which two conformal field theories are connected through an interface. The researchers showed that, by appropriately extracting the response to a small deformation of the interface, one can obtain a local operator that captures the difference between the two theories. They also provided an explicit method for constructing such operators. This result lends support to the conjecture that quantum gravity does not admit continuous parameters that can be freely chosen from the outside, and is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of fundamental issues in quantum gravity. For further details, please see the press release from Kyushu University.

2026-06-24

The First RIKEN Quantum International Workshop on Frontiers of Quantum Computing Applications and Quantum-HPC Integration on May 25-26, 2026

The First RIKEN Quantum International Workshop on Frontiers of Quantum Computing Applications and Quantum–HPC Integration was held from May 25 to 26 at the Large Conference Room on the 2nd floor of the Administrative Headquarters, RIKEN Wako Campus. The workshop featured an entirely invited program, consisting of 13 plenary presentations (40 minutes each) and 9 highlight presentations (20 minutes each). The presentations covered a broad range of fields—including quantum chemistry, life sciences, condensed matter physics, atomic physics, and high-energy physics—with a primary focus on the theme of quantum–HPC hybrid integration. With more than 130 registered participants, each presentation was followed by lively and engaging discussions. Furthermore, the networking reception held on the evening of the first day was well-attended, fostering active interaction and collaboration among researchers from universities, national research institutes, and private industries. This workshop is expected to drive further advancements in quantum computing through quantum–HPC hybrid integration. Reported by Shinichiro Fujii

2026-06-11

Interview with Mathematician Motoko Kotani [Part I]

Black Hole Recorder at EXPO 2025: “Entangle Moment — [Quantum, Ocean, Space] × Art” Exhibition Movie, Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai

Career Opportunities at RIKEN iTHEMS: Research Administrator and Administrative Support Staff

Interview with Physicist Yuta Sekino [Part Ⅱ]

Interview with Physicist Yuta Sekino [Part Ⅰ]

Interview with Mathematician Takashi Tsuboi [Part Ⅲ]

Next-Generation Researcher Award 2024” Commemorative Interview (3): Keiya Hirashima, RIKEN iTHEMS

Next-Generation Researcher Award 2024” Commemorative Interview (3): Accelerating High-Resolution Galaxy Formation Simulations Using AI Surrogate Models (Takaya Hirashima, RIKEN iTHEMS)

Physicists’ Dialogue: Discussing Quantum Gravity and Black Holes — PART Ⅱ (in Japanese)

Physicists’ Dialogue: Discussing Quantum Gravity and Black Holes — PART Ⅰ (in Japanese)

Interview with Mathematician Taketo Sano [PART Ⅱ] (in Japanese)

Physicists’ Dialogue: Discussing Quantum Gravity and Black Holes — Digest (in Japanese)

Introduction to “Black Hole Recorder” (in Japanese)

Interview with Mathematician Taketo Sano [PART I]

A Century of Quantum Mechanics

Interview with Mathematician Takashi Tsuboi [Part Ⅱ]

Interview with Physicist Yasunori Nomura - Part Ⅳ

Interview with Physicist Yasunori Nomura - Part Ⅲ

Interview with Mathematician Takashi Tsuboi [Part Ⅰ]

Interview with Mathematician Yuto Moriwaki [Part2]

Interview with Mathematician Yuto Moriwaki [Part 1]

Interview with Mathematician Eiji Inoue [Part 2] (in Japanese)

Interview with Physicist Yasunori Nomura - Part Ⅱ

The Connection Between Mathematics and Microbial Research: From Fisheries Science to the Path of Mathematics

Contributed to the 'One Poster per Household' Project – Like the Ones You See in Science Classrooms

Interview with Dr. Misako Tatsuma, a Planetary Formation Theorist

Interview with Mathematician Eiji Inoue [Part 1]

Interview with Physicist Yasunori Nomura - Part I

Interview with Physicist Ryo Namba [Part 2]

Interview with Physicist Ryo Namba [Part 1]

Interview with Ryosuke Iritani, Mathematical Biologist [Part 1]

Theoretical Physicist Tetsuo Hatsuda Interview Vol.2: About Research and Mathematics

Theoretical Physicist Tetsuo Hatsuda Interview Vol.1: About RIKEN iTHEMS

What about climate change in actuality?

Heun Functions as a Common Language: Black Holes Meet Gauge Theory

God saves quantum computers by playing dice: introduction to quantum error correction

An Introduction to TQFTs (from a Mathematician’s Viewpoint)

But how many baskets should you put your eggs in?

Spontaneous symmetry breaking

The transition to synchronization: from phase reduction to the Kuramoto model

What Are Modular Forms?

Brunn-Minkowski inequality and the Borell-Brascamp-Lieb inequality

Aspects of Quantum Resonance Revisited

Distances and Durations: Cosmology 101

Symmetries of gravity

Birational classification of algebraic varieties

Gelfand duality

Scale transformations in physics and beyond

Machine Learning for Holographic Entanglement Inequalities

Describing Quantum Phenomena with Classical Gravity

Statistical Signatures of Quantum Chaos in Non-Hermitian Systems

Computers as a Playground for Mathematics

The Free Will Theorem in Quantum Mechanics

Renormalization revisited

Renormalization: Awareness of Ignorance

Recipe for soup of quarks and gluons

A subjective view on what is a quantum effect

Mathematical aspects of the entropic uncertainty relation

Forming black holes from stars

Singularity Theorems

Resurgence: making sense out of non-convergent series

How can we use a quantum computer to study the ground state of the hydrogen molecule?

Applications and Extensions of the Nielsen-Ninomiya Theorem in Condensed Matter Physics

COVID-19: then, now, and into the future

Exploring Quantum Spacetime

Classical simulations of quantum computers

When a Cretan says all Cretans are liars

Physical and local observables in gravitational theory

Can you hear the shape of a drum?

Quantum many-body physics with cold atoms

complexity in non-unitary dynamics of photons

Physics Through the Looking Glass

A new B.O.A.T. in astrophysics

Evolution and our daily rhythms

Area law of entanglement entropy in quantum many body systems and its implication in tensor network calculation

Comparison between conventional computers and quantum computers

A glimpse of enumerative geometry

Message-passing algorithms for graphical models

Canonical form of tensor networks in one and two dimensions

The basics of topological band theory

Building something from nothing: a mathematical framework for aperiodic/amorphous sets

Planetary lightning: Current State-of-the-art and outstanding questions

Collective Power of Science ~ from the High-Energy Atmospheric Physics to our New Exploration of the Universe ~

Morse theory and Floer theory

Knot theory and topological semimetals

On Dark Matter

Odd couples of interdisciplinary research

Khovanov homology theory - an introduction to categorification by Dr. Taketo Sano on May 13, 2022

Fundamentals Fest, mini Pre-event on Science "Exploring and Bridging: The Potential of Basic Science"

In Search of Pc pentaquark - Simulate Hadron Interactions with FUGAKU

AAS Journal Author Series: Hirotaka Ito on 2021ApJ…918...59I

Will Useless Knowledge Change the Future? - What is the Black Hole Recorder?

RIKEN 2019 (in Japanese)